Your path to citizenship, step by step
Naturalization is how a permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. You apply on Form N-400 with USCIS. This guide covers the basics in plain language.
Can I apply?
Usually after 5 years as a permanent resident, or 3 years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen. You may file up to 90 days early.
The test
If you filed on or after Oct. 20, 2025, you take the 2025 civics test: 20 questions from a list of 128.
Service members
Current and former service members may have reduced requirements and pay no N-400 fee.
Before you file: if you were ever arrested or fined, made a false statement to immigration, voted or claimed to be a citizen, or spent long periods abroad, talk to a lawyer first. An N-400 can open a full review of your history.
Sources
- USCIS, “N-400, Application for Naturalization”, last updated 06/16/2026 (accessed Oct. 26, 2026).
- USCIS, “2025 Civics Test” (accessed Oct. 26, 2026).